人类历史上的航空始元
编辑：赵周鹏 来源:新视野 New vision
1903年12月17日，威尔伯-莱特和奥维尔-莱特两兄弟在美国北卡罗莱纳州基蒂霍克村试飞由他们发明的世界上第一架动力飞行器“飞行者1号”成功，开创了人类飞行的新时代。
早先对重于空气的动力飞行，人们都持怀疑态度。颇受敬重的美国科学家西蒙纽康曾发表看法，证明靠机动力量进行飞行是不可能的。德国著名的航空界先驱奥托-利林塔尔驾驶自己制造的飞行器坠毁身亡。然而，赖特兄弟的飞行证明了动力飞行的可能。
这天他们在北卡罗来纳州基蒂霍克海滩上空共飞行了4次，最长的一次持续约一分钟，飞行距离850英尺。另有5人在场目睹了他们的飞行。赖特兄弟说这次飞行，他们的一项重要发明是运用可动的翼梢来控制飞机，这是别人从未解决过的问题。
与其他飞行设计爱好者不同，莱特兄弟很重视理论，他们阅读了空气动力学方面的有关文献。为了此次飞行，他们还制造出了25马力轻型引擎，这种引擎比从前任何一种都轻，但提供的动力比以前大。兄弟俩还在风洞里试验了他们自己设计制造的一系列比例模型，花费7年多时间，耗资1000多美元，终于制造出一架用引擎驱动的飞机。
随后的几年，莱特兄弟不断对飞机进行改进，并于1904年和1905年分别造出了“飞行者2号”和“飞行者3号”。1905年10月5日威尔伯?莱特驾驶 “飞行者3号”持续飞行了38分钟，航程达39公里。也就是说，“飞行者3号”实际上已经具有了实用效能。
莱特兄弟确信一个飞行器的时代已经来临。之后的几年，他们一面改进飞机性能，一面在世界各国做飞行表演，向人们显示人类飞行之梦已经成真。 他们因此于1909年获得美国国会荣誉奖。同年，他们创办了“莱特飞机公司”。
中国的第一位飞机设计师和第一架飞机
1909年9月22日，在美国旧金山奥克兰机场上空，中国第一个飞机制造家、飞行家冯如驾驶着自制的飞机（从机翼、方向舵、螺旋桨到内燃机等大小部件全部自制）飞上了蓝天。这是继1903年美国人威尔伯?莱特和奥维尔?莱特兄弟成功地进行了人类首次机械飞行后的又一次创举。它向世人宣告：中国人的智慧和才能绝不在其他民族之下，西方人能够办到的，中国人也能办到。
冯如生于1883年，广东恩平县人。1895年去美国，白天工作，夜晚读书，历10年而对机械及电学极有心得。受美国莱特兄弟创制飞机且飞行成功启发，又受日俄战争的刺激，1907年冯如得到华侨资助，设厂研制飞机，几经挫折，终于1909年9月22日试飞成功。1910年他又制1架双翼飞机，并获国际飞机协会飞行竞赛冠军。1911年2月，携两架飞机回国。辛亥革命后，冯如被广州军政府委任为飞行队长，准备率机参加北伐，后因清帝退位作罢。1912年8月25日，中国最早的飞机设计师冯如在广州燕塘表演飞行时，因飞机失速下坠而殒命。死后冯如遗体安葬在广州黄花岗烈士陵园，同时被追授陆军少将军衔，被尊为“中国始创飞行大家 ”。
December 17, 1903, Wilbur - and Orville Wright - Wright brothers in the United States, North Carolina, the village of test invented by them an impetus to the world's first aircraft "flying from No. 1" success, creating a new era of human flight.
Earlier is heavier than air powered flight, people are skeptical. Well-respected U.S. scientists have expressed his views on to prove that mechanical forces on the flight is impossible. The famous German aviation pioneer Otto - Lilienthal driving themselves killed in the crash of the aircraft. However, the Wright brothers flight proved the possibility of powered flight.
That day they beaches in North Carolina over a total of 4 times the flight, the longest one lasted about a minute, the flight distance of 850 feet. 5, the presence of another person who witnessed the flight. Wright brothers said that the flight, an important part of their invention is the use of movable wing-tip to control the aircraft, which is someone else's problem has never been resolved.
Other flying enthusiasts with the design is different from the Wright brothers attaches great importance to the theory of aerodynamics they read the relevant literature. To the flight, they also created a 25-horsepower engine light, any one of these engines are lighter than ever, but the driving force to provide large than in the past. The brothers are still in the wind tunnel test of their own design and manufacture a series of scale models, spent 7 years and cost more than 1000 U.S. dollars, and finally to create an aircraft with engine-driven.
Subsequent years, the Wright brothers aircraft continuous improvement, and in 1904 and 1905, respectively, to create a "flight from the 2nd" and "The Aviator on the 3rd." October 5, 1905 Wilbur? Wright driving "on the 3rd flight were" sustained flight of 38 minutes, a range of up to 39 kilometers. In other words, "flight on the 3rd person" actually has a practical performance.
Convinced that an aircraft the Wright brothers era. Years after their side to improve the performance of the aircraft while in flight around the world to do, to show people the dream of human flight has come true. So in 1909 they received honorary award the U.S. Congress. That same year, they founded the "Wright Aircraft Company."
China's first aircraft designer and the first aircraft
September 22, 1909, in San Francisco over the Oakland Airport, China's first aircraft manufacturer, and the flight home, such as driving a self-made von aircraft (from the wings, rudder, propeller to the internal combustion engine components, such as the size of all home-made) it flew up into the blue days. This is the second in 1903 Wilbur Americans? And Orville Wright? Wright brothers successfully conducted the first human flying machine again after the first. It declared to the world: the Chinese people's wisdom and can never in other ethnic groups, the West can do, and Chinese people are able to do so.
Feng Ru was born in 1883, Guangdong Enping County. To the United States in 1895, working during the day, night school, the 10-year history of mechanical and electrical experience most. By the United States and flying the plane the Wright brothers created the success of inspiration, but also by stimulation of the Russo-Japanese War, in 1907 if Mr overseas-funded, set up the development of aircraft, after several setbacks, and finally September 22, 1909 successful test flight. In 1910 he a biplane system, and aircraft by the International Association of Flight contest winner. In February 1911, two planes carrying home. After the Revolution, Feng Ru was appointed as the military government in Guangzhou flight captain, the rate of aircraft ready to take part in the Northern Expedition, Emperors of the Qing Dynasty to step down after the end of the story. August 25, 1912, China's first aircraft designer Frederick show in Guangzhou, such as flight, the aircraft stall due to fall and die. If the body after the death of Mr Huanghuagang martyrs buried in the cemetery in Guangzhou, at the same time was posthumously awarded the rank of Army Major-General, the title of "China's Pioneer Flight everyone."
